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Rev. chil. pediatr ; 86(3): 142-151, jun. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-760107

ABSTRACT

El síndrome de Rett (SR) es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo que afecta casi exclusivamente a niñas y cursa secundariamente con autismo. Es poco frecuente y consta de 5 formas clínicas, una clásica y el resto atípicas que comprometen de manera general la habilidad manual, el lenguaje y la motricidad amplia unida a la aparición de estereotipias y epilepsia precoz. Con el objetivo de actualizar la información sobre SR, se aplicaron los descriptores de búsqueda Síndrome de Rett, genes y «Síndrome de Rett¼, «Rett Syndrome gene¼, «Rett Syndrome¼, «Rett Syndrome gene therapy¼ y «Rett Syndrome review¼. Se investigó en los archivos digitales PubMed, Hinari, SCIELO y Medline, y se consultaron los sitios web OMIM, ORPHANET, GeneMap, Genetests, Proteins y Gene, entre otros. Entre 1.348 artículos se seleccionaron 42, los cuales reportan 3 genes causantes del síndrome: MECP2, CDKL5 y FOXG. El gen MECP2 está mutado en el 80% de los pacientes con SR clásico así como en el 40% de los afectados con alguna de sus formas atípicas. El SR con epilepsia precoz y la variante congénita se deben fundamentalmente a variaciones en los genes CDKL5 y FOXG1 respectivamente. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico del SR se basa en criterios clínicos, sin embargo, los avances en la biología molecular y en la genética en particular han abierto el abanico de posibilidades diagnósticas a las diferentes formas clínicas que antes quedaban sin clasificar, a la vez que el análisis molecular permite confirmar el criterio clínico y aportar información en cuanto al pronóstico del paciente.


Rett syndrome (RS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that exclusively affects girls, and occurs along with autism. It is very uncommon, and has five distinct forms, one classic and the others atypical, which generally compromise manual skills, language, and mobility, and widely associated with the appearance of stereotypy and early epilepsy. With the aim of updating the information about RS, a search was performed in the computer data bases of PubMed, Hinari, SCIELO and Medline, as well as consulting other web sites including OMIM, ORPHANET, GeneMap, Genetests, Proteins and Gene, using the descriptors "Síndrome de Rett", "genes y Síndrome de Rett", "Rett Syndrome gene", "Rett Syndrome", "Rett Syndrome gene therapy", and "Rett Syndrome review". Of the 1,348 articles found, 42 articles were selected, which reported 3 genes causing the syndrome: MECP2, CDKL5 and FOXG. The MECP2 gene is mutated in 80% of patients with classic RS, as well as in 40% of those affected by any of its atypical forms. RS with early epilepsy and the congenital variant are mainly due to variations in the CDKL5 and FOXG1 genes, respectively. Conclusions: The diagnosis of RS is based on clinical criteria. However, the advances in molecular biology and genetics have opened a wide range of possibilities for diagnosing the different clinical forms that could not be classified before. Molecular analysis can help confirm the clinical criteria and provided information as regards the prognosis of the patient.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Rett Syndrome/physiopathology , Stereotypic Movement Disorder/etiology , Epilepsy/etiology , Prognosis , Rett Syndrome/diagnosis , Rett Syndrome/genetics , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics , Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2/genetics , Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics , Molecular Biology/methods , Mutation , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
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